200X Phone Microscope Lens with LED Light Portable Digital Microscope for Kids Handheld Microscope Dermatoscope Skin Diagnosis Hair Analyzer Compatible with iPhone and Android Mobile Phone(Black)

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As shown in Figure2A, the droplet-based microfluidic device consisted of a drop inlet and an open-top islet immobilizing chamber connected by a capillary channel in between. With no external force and pressure driven, once a drop of glucose solution was loaded on top of the inlets, it would automatically flow towards the islets chamber compelled by the pressure generated by surface tension difference. The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation. Author contributions The pancreatic islets of Langerhans are the hormone-secreting region of the pancreas and constitute 1–2% of the pancreas tissue mass. Among the four hormone-producing cells of the pancreas, beta-cells produce insulin and alpha-cells produce glucagon in response to blood glucose changes. Insulin secretion is governed by glucose metabolism, electrical activity, ion signaling, and hormone exocytosis ( 1), displaying complex biphasic and pulsatile kinetic profiles, and playing significant roles in the regulation of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism ( 1). Kühnemund, M. et al. Targeted DNA sequencing and in situ mutation analysis using mobile phone microscopy. Nat. Commun. 8, 13913 (2017).

Wei, Q. et al. Plasmonics enhanced smartphone fluorescence microscopy. Sci. Rep. 7, 2124–2210 (2017). Poirel, L., Héritier, C., Tolün, V. & Nordmann, P. Emergence of oxacillinase-mediated resistance to imipenem in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48, 15–22 (2004). Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S. & Eliceiri, K. W. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat. Methods 9, 671–675 (2012). Kukar, T. et al. Protein microarrays to detect protein–protein interactions using red and green fluorescent proteins. Anal. Biochem. 306, 50–54 (2002).Skandarajah, A., Reber, C. D., Switz, N. A. & Fletcher, D.A. Quantitative imaging with a mobile phone microscope. PLoS ONE 9, e96906 (2014). In conclusion, the presented smartphone-microfluidic imaging system reveals a possible implementation of portable, low-cost fluorescence microscope to study the insulin secretion kinetics of islet beta-cells and insulin stimulator-secretion coupling factors. In future, we will incorporate the concepts of big data and machine learning to transform the system into a front-end device for islet data gathering, while embedding a fully trained analysis model such that the system can generate assistive results on human islet functionality. Eventually, it can serve as an assay that has predictive value for islet graft function for Type I diabetes and replace in vivo animal model currently used to predict long-term islet transplant outcomes ( 36). Data availability statement As shown in Figure5D, the fluorescence intensity increased to 151.8% (141.2% ± 17.0) in response to 250 μM Tolbutamide (a K ATP-channel closer). In Figure5E, when 200 μM Diazoxide (a K ATP-channel opener) was added after 14 mM glucose, the fluorescence intensity dropped to 108.8% (114.4% ± 13.2) from 133.8% (145.3% ± 14.7) at 2min and continued dropping at a relatively slower rate afterward. Ju, Y.-G. Fabrication of a low-cost and high-resolution papercraft smartphone spectrometer. Phys. Educ. 55, 035005 (2020).

Despite its advanced capabilities, the iMicro Q3 is compact and lightweight, with a low profile and a weight of approximately 1/60 oz. Its design ensures seamless integration with any phone, with no parts protruding beyond the phone’s edge when installed. This device can be conveniently carried in a card-sized PP case, making it an excellent choice for field work or on-the-go observations. Fluorescence microscopy produces visually attractive images that can greatly enhance the contrast of specific features of the specimen being viewed. This microscopic imaging modality has historically involved costly and cumbersome mercury arc lamps or lasers. However, in recent years, comparatively inexpensive and compact laser-emitting diode (LED) technology is replacing mercury arc lamps and lasers in the microscopy industry. Advantages include lower cost, greater longevity, and maintenance free operation. Because LEDs have been engineered to emit light of virtually any wavelength on the visible light spectrum, and can be filtered if needed, the microscopy community is widely adopting use of LEDs as an excitation light source for fluorescence microscopy. To demonstrate that NACHOS can still function in complex biological fluids that compromise many diagnostic assays, we have also performed the sandwich detection assay described above in human blood serum spiked with the target DNA sequence specific to the OXA-48 gene. The serum was first heat-inactivated and then enriched with 2 nM target DNA sequence as well as 6 nM Alexa Fluor 647 imager strand. The fully assembled NACHOS were then incubated in the serum mixture for 2 h at 37 °C. Fluorescence scans of the NACHOS after incubation with serum and target DNA sequence are included in Fig. 2c, d (as well as Supplementary Fig. 8). Almost identical fluorescence enhancement values (Fig. 2e), target binding efficiencies (Fig. 2f) and number of single-molecule photobleaching steps (Fig. 2g) were obtained for reference and NACHOS samples in highly purified buffer (light blue) and serum (dark blue) conditions confirming that neither the stability of NACHOS nor the performance of the sandwich assay in NACHOS are compromised. On the contrary, fluorescence enhancement values reaching 457-fold (average of 70 ± 4) could be achieved for the DNA detection assay in target spiked human serum. These findings proof the robustness of NACHOS under realistic assay conditions and provide an important stepping stone towards diagnostic applications. Single-molecule detection on a portable microscope using NACHOSFish, K. N. Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 50, 12.18.1–12.18.13 (2009). Walt, D. R. Optical methods for single molecule detection and analysis. Anal. Chem. 85, 1258–1263 (2013).

As shown in Figure1B, the dichroic cube holding the excitation and emission filters was placed between the smartphone camera and the microfluidic biochip. The light emitted horizontally from the illumination source passed through the excitation filter and travelled into the dichroic cube. The dichroic mirror was placed inside of the cube at an angle of 45° to reflect the excitation light vertically to be casted upon the sample. The fluorescence signal within the sample exposed to the light radiated emission light, which returned through the emission filter and was then captured by the smartphone camera ( Figure1C).Vietz, C., Lalkens, B., Acuna, G. P. & Tinnefeld, P. Synergistic combination of unquenching and plasmonic fluorescence enhancement in fluorogenic nucleic acid hybridization probes. Nano Lett. 17, 6496 (2017).

Yekti, A. P. A., Hsu, H.-J. & Wang, W.-D. The effect of paclobutrazol on the development of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Zebrafish 11, 1–9 (2014). Plöschner, M., Tyc, T. & Čižmár, T. Seeing through chaos in multimode fibres. Nat. Photonics 9, 529–535 (2015). The microscope, a revolutionary instrument that has reshaped our understanding of the world at a microscopic level, has seen substantial advancements since its inception in the 17th century. The most recent of these advancements is the iMicro Q3, a device that transforms your phone camera into a microscope. This groundbreaking device is the latest in a series of portable microscopes that began with the iMicro Q, introduced in 2018. Features of the iMicro Q3Chemical dyes, fluorescence, and confocal imaging are often employed to study beta-cell intracellular activities such as calcium influx, mitochondrial potential changes, zinc release kinetics, ROS production, and many others ( 32– 35). In this study, we used Fluo-4 and Rhodamin-123 to monitor cellular calcium influx and mitochondrial potentials, respectively. Cybulski, J. S., Clements, J. & Prakash, M. Foldscope: origami-based paper microscope. PLoS ONE 9, e98781 (2014). Compared to conventional macro techniques, microfluidic technology has been used as Islets-On-Chip ( 9– 12). In addition to very small amounts of reagents and analyst used, the small scale allows leveraging of microscale flow phenomena, enabling the implementation of new experimental modalities that are currently not possible with available macroscale tools ( 12). The microfluidic transparency and planar geometry allow easy integration of bright field and fluorescence microscopy, which enables simultaneous, multiparametric, real-time imaging of islet intracellular activities and insulin secretion ( 7, 13– 17).